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Posted by Gnomeinclaychair (Member # 2926) on :
 
I'm working on an idea of using tachyon particles as a way to help spaceships move faster than light. If I remember (and I'm probably not) right they go right through things and aren't affected by gravity. Does anybody know if they move in constant streams? Do we know what the source of those particles are - where they go and where they come from? How weird (and workable) is the idea of tachyon currents?

I guess I'm trying to avoid research.
 


Posted by rcorporon (Member # 2879) on :
 
Woah... I got about 6 words into this post, and my brain checked out.

Bill Nye I'm not .

Ronnie
 


Posted by ChrisOwens (Member # 1955) on :
 
My adhoc rambling on the subject (of course, I am no expert):

Tachyons are a hypothetical concept, that may not exist, therefore an unknown quanitity that could explioted in a fictional story.

If tachyons do exist, according to the current understanding of relativty, they would always travel faster then light.

I find it difficult to see how tachyons could interact with a craft, much less propel subluminal mass over the speed of light.

Do they go right through things? Unknown, since we have no idea if they exist. It would sound reasonable they would not interact with normal matter.

Maybe you had in mind neutrinos (a sub-luminal particle, uncharged, with a very low mass, and only weakly interacting). The sun produces streams of them from nuclear reactions and millions are passing through us each second. I think I read somewhere long ago they could pass through 7 lightyears of lead without interacting via the weak nuclear force.

Of course, neutrinos travel slower then light, though quiet close to it, and like anything else are effected by gravity.

Gravity is nothing more than objects moving in the straightest possible path through curved space-time. Tachyons would move through space-time and thus be effected as well.

Of course, anything moving faster then light would, at least the math says, travel backwards in time. If time is anything other than a rate of change, perhaps this would have meaning. But even traveling backwards in time, it would be effected by the curvacture of space-time.

Would they be constant, like the jet stream or the solar wind? Like you indicated it would depend on the source. Likely tachyons would always be tachyons from thier creation, and subluminal would always be subluminal. The speed of light would be a great wall which niether could cross.

If you don't research this well, your readers might never buy it. In order to write a credible SF story, it looks like it would help to pick up a book or two on relativity.

Of course, you might not need to have a tachyon mechanism to explain your FTL, not to have a good story.


 


Posted by Spaceman (Member # 9240) on :
 
Tachyons are a fabricated category of fictional particles that always move faster than light. Since no tachyons have been discovered, you are free to assign them any properties you wish/ But remember, if you are writing hard SF, they must cleanly fit into our universe without contradicting known physics.
 
Posted by Jeraliey (Member # 2147) on :
 
This might not be necessary, but...

DON'T AVOID RESEARCH!!!!
 


Posted by Elan (Member # 2442) on :
 
I agree... if you are writing about a world you don't know, you could really derail yourself by not doing your research. Research accomplishes two things: 1) It keeps you from going off on a wild tangent that results in a storyline that later has to be exorcised from your writing, and 2) It gives you wonderful story ideas that you may not have thought of beforehand.

I don't let lack of research hold me up if I am on a roll. Let's say I get to a bit of dialog, like medical jargon, that I can't spew effortlessly all on my own. At that point I insert: <<Medical jargon dialog goes here.>> But if I'm doing something that hinges on research, I will generally spend a few days hunting it down before trying to write. Some people research AFTER the story is done... I think Stephen King is one of those. But you take your chances doing it that way. I personally prefer adding the richness of the milieu IN as I write. It makes my writing faster and requires far less editing for content.

 


Posted by pantros (Member # 3237) on :
 
I personally wouldn't touch FTL travel anymore. Too many lay-geeks out there who would see the flaws in the physics

If you do it, know enough about what modern theory thinks is possible and be sure to be consistent with the physics you assign to your invented particles.

Tachyons cannot interact with normal matter under current physics. When I think of particles which travel through physical objects, I usually think of Neutrinos.
 


Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
Hmmm... maybe you dont really want to use the tacyon idea?
After all it's been used before, right? I'll share with you
two ideas I have that use real FTL technology that exists
right now! You can use it in your story if you like.

First, there is quantum technology right now that is FTL.
But it doesnt accelerate mass. In fact it cant. What it can
do is carry information and that's just as important if you
want to get someplace else in the universe.

The second is also a quantum discovery that has been demonstrated.
That's teleportation. Yup, one atom in a single state has been
teleported to another atom someplace else.

Combine those two ideas and you have a transporter like the
one in... well, you know :-)

I would like to leave it for you as an exercise to find and
understand those two technologies. But it's for real!

 


Posted by apeiron (Member # 2565) on :
 
Meh, I think FTL travel is one of those things SF readers are willing to take for granted. Just so long as your universe is self-consistant (if going FTL on one ship causes you to just get from A to B faster, it shouldn't allow another ship to get to B before it left A). You don't have to match up with our universe--but I would advise not saying too much about it. Just establish that it works and show how, then take it for granted, like your characters do. Too much explanation can only reveal holes.

As for the behavior of tachyons, I can tell you what I've learned so far, half-way through my relativity course. My thinking is that they WOULD be affected by gravity, but not like you'd think. Here's my reasoning (helped along by the qualitative stuff I've heard about tachyons + a few google searches).

The energy relation is E^2 = p^2c^2 + m^2c^4. You'll notice that for mass at rest (p=0) the popular E=mc^2 pops out.

For massless particles, E=pc, and they can't move faster than light. Period.

BUT if you throw in a rest mass: E=mc^2 where m is the relativistic mass, m=gamma*m0 where m0 is the rest mass and gamma = sqrt(1 - (v/c)^2). The important bit here is that square root. It says that if v > c, your energy is imaginary. Which is silly. SO, why not make your mass imaginary? i*i= -1, which means E < 0.

Now it gets interesting. Negative energy. {twitters fingers spookily} Let's look at the component of energy due to momentum: E=pc. If E < 0 then when you increase momentum, the tachyon has less energy. This is the big weird thing you'd read about if you did any search on tachyons. It implies something for nothing and is well...weird. (Also, I think that gravity would be a repelling force.)

I'm not sure what general relativity has to say on the subject, so I can't be of any help there. All this stuff holds true for constant speeds though.

EDIT: Oh, a note on the path tachyons take. That falls out of some equation df/dx - d^2f/dtdx'=0 where f is a path function for some integral with Euler's name in it...don't have my notes with me now. But the point is that f = kinetic energy - potential energy and this differential is satisfied when f is minimized--basically, all the force equations (and, hence, equations of motion) you were ever given in classical physics fall out beautifully. My thinking is that if f < 0, the path would be nothing like you would get from ordinary matter.

I know we have some physicists here who know far more about this whole thing than I--anyone care to comment??

[This message has been edited by apeiron (edited November 08, 2005).]
 


Posted by Gnomeinclaychair (Member # 2926) on :
 
I gave up and did some research.

Seems like tachyons were once a viable theory, but have since become more of a fiction. I don't know enough to understand just how thoroughly they've been debunked, but I get the idea it's not popularly believed anymore.

That negative energy stuff looks good though.

Thanks for your input folks!
 


Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
Apeiron, not a physicist but paragraphs 3-6
look pretty sound to me. And I always find it
amazing that you can tell that truth with simple algebra! What's your feeling about FTL communications? Oh, for mass at rest I like
to show the roots and talk about anti-matter.
Makes me sound all smart and stuff ;-)

 
Posted by ChrisOwens (Member # 1955) on :
 
I believe the mainstream view is that quantum teleportation cannot be used to transmit information FTL. The process is random and uncertain.

It ties back to the wave/particle mystery. Unfortunately, for the last 50 years or so, physicists have been under the Copenhagen mindset, which basically ignores trying to find underlying causes of the mystery and just concentrate on effects.

Of course, in fiction, such mainstream views could be overturned.
 


Posted by Minister (Member # 2213) on :
 
I am really, really hoping that the ability to write scifi is not directly correlated with the ability to understand apeiron's post.
 
Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
Chris, you are very entitled to your opinion, and I really dont
want to start an argument. But you might want to consider that
randomness and uncertainty dont prevent communications. They just
slow it down a bit. Back to something very real. The modem
DSL/analog you use to communicate w/this server is VERY error prone
and uncertain. I spent a good part of my life working on those
algorithms.

No one has knocked down Copenhagen yet, and many have tried. For
all the trying it gets _stronger_. I'd tend to stand with it.

One last thought, telecommunications went gang busters well before
electromagnetism was well understood. So I wouldn't let my lack
of understanding of Copenhagen prevent me from using it. No
one else would either if they could make money from it. <dripping
sarcasm>
 


Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
Minister, sir with all due respect. Aperion's post contains NOTHING you should not understand
if you have taken high school mathmatics. I have spent "oh so much" time with Japanese engineers who humble me with their understanding of basic algebra. It's one of the reasons we are getting outsourced all over the planet!
 
Posted by apeiron (Member # 2565) on :
 
Minister- Sorry, maybe I got more carried away than any story would require. But since I got interested in physics I've been bombarded with qualititative statements like you get about tachyons without anyone attempting to back them up. It awes me to see it all fall into place.

john- I don't think Chris was dissing Copenhagen. In fact, I agree with him. In the physics community there is so much focus on the great applicability of quantum physics (using your knowledge of what you don't know to get as much information about a physical system as possible) that it seems like that people are losing sight of trying to figure out what actually IS going on at those levels.
 


Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
apeiron, Ahh... perhaps it is I who misunderstands the mindset from the mind :-) Wow! almost sounds like I _think_ I am smart ;-) Apologies to Chris. Yeah, well like any good engineer. I ignore the facts, and find a solution. BTW, I am not sure we can understand Cop any more than a two dimensional guy living on a sheet of paper can understand that pencil poked through it in two places!
 
Posted by ChrisOwens (Member # 1955) on :
 
I'm sorry if my tone seemed arguementative. QT makes a fine SF device, Dan Simmons uses it in Illium (still haven't read the followup, watching for the paperback).

I readily admit to my ignorance on this, it's a very difficult, deep, and non-intuitive subject. I would love if somebody would explain Bell's Inequality to me, and how it proves nonlocality. I have yet to read a laymen's explanation that didn't make my eyes blur.

Someone correct me if I'm wrong, I'm getting in over my head. Quantum entanglement and 'teleportation' are just another manifisation of the quantum waveform. Entangled particles become part of the same waveform and assume multiple states, until the waveform collapses, and the particles assume one state or the other.

For instance, an EPR varation: A particle with zero angular momentum decays into two lighter particles that fly off in opposite directions. They are entangled and part of the same wave function. If an outside agency measures one of the particles, they would find the angular momentum either a plus or minus and thus could assume that the other particle has the opposite quanity. However, before that measurement, both particles were in a superposition of states, that is BOTH plus and minus at the same time. When one of the particles is measured, the waveform collaspes (the superposition goes away) and the particle assumes one state or the other. It's partner will instantaneosly assume the opposite state. This will happen instantaneosly if the particles are a nanometer apart or a billion lightyears apart.

However, it is my understanding, that the measurer cannot control which state the particle will assume, nor can they predict it. They can only assign a probiblity of the particle having that state. Therefore a signal could not be constructed using that method. Or at least, that's what I've heard.

And assuming it could (and let's hope it turns out we can) and let's say we want to use QT to send a signal to the Centari system, 4 lightyears away. Particles would have to be entangled first. One set of particles would already have to be Centari, having to travel 4 lightyears to get there.

Signal noise is due to complexity. Each blip in the signal could be predicted if given all the factors to calculated. Of course, if we could do that, we could predict the weather.

The problem with using QT to communicate FTL goes deeper then that, it is part of the inheriant uncertainty that is a principle of the quantum world.

(Forgive my spelling...)

[This message has been edited by ChrisOwens (edited November 08, 2005).]
 


Posted by apeiron (Member # 2565) on :
 
Hmm. I know a little about Bell's Inequality. Weren't there some recent experiments "confirming" QM by violating Bell's Inequality? I thought there was some wondering about the timing of the experiment or something.

Bell's Inequality, as I understand it: Certain quantities, according to QM, cannot be mutually known. Momentum and position, energy and time, so on. But if you entangle two particles (they are, in the wave sense, the same particle--they are described by one equation) you should be able to measure one quantity of one, and thus know the other quantity of the other. Spin is what the experiments have tested, yeah? Anyhoo, QM says this is a no-no, but Bell said, there's a way we can test it. (Wasn't Einstein involved in this too? He hated QM...)

Locality means that nothing travels faster than light. If Bell's Inequality holds, it suggests nonlocality because when you plug all your measurement into the inequality, it's true only when you only know as much about the system than QM says you can. (The fact that you measured one property of one particle travels instantaneously to the other and changes it.)

If you could measure each property, then that means the information is contained separately in each particle (they aren't really the same wave, so to speak). No locality violation.

Don't ask me WHAT the inequality is, or how the experiments worked. It sounds like a huge engineering challenge to actually simultaneously measure entangled particles.

Hey, back to writing. I always imagined the ansible worked via the wonder of entanglement. (Course, this was back in my middle school days, when words like "entanglement" and even "quantum" were a bit more magical.) My recommendation, like I said before, is not go into details. Your readers will invent the mechanism that their mind won't revolt against. Or just take it for granted and get on with your story. Besides, why the heck would your characters care how it worked? Do I care how the bits I'm typing are going to end up on your screen after I click 'Submit Reply'? Nah.
 


Posted by ChrisOwens (Member # 1955) on :
 
Thanks for the breakdown. Yep, the EPR paradox, a thought experiment by Einstien and two other guys. Bell's the one who came up with the way to test it. Then it the early 80's they found to implement his idea. It may have involved light polaraization, I'm not sure.

[This message has been edited by ChrisOwens (edited November 09, 2005).]
 


Posted by wbriggs (Member # 2267) on :
 
Tachyons are used for faster-than-light travel through a phenomenon called super-string resonance: if the particles of normal matter vibrate at the right frequency, a non-imaginary attraction can be formed between those particles and tachyons. The tachyons need not be generated; they are spontaneously generated and destroyed within the Heisenberg limit. The energy from the reaction is negative energy, which must be supplied before violating the Heisenberg limit. The most common method of supply is coherent nadion bursts; nadions must be at least 10 GeV to trigger the reaction.

Of course, I just made all that up. You can too! But it's also good to do research, so that it sounds convincing.
 


Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
I have decided over the years that if you cannot explain
something to your mother so that she can understand it. Then
you really dont understand it yourself, and should rethink
the issue. This is known as the "Mom Test"

Bell's Inequality:

Introduction, We know there is observable stuff about particles
like locality in space. Our friend apeiron showed us that velocity
'v' and momentum 'm' are determinable things.

Weird Quantum Part, There would be systems in the universe that
are interrelated such that when one part is observed separately
it will determine the corresponding measurement of the second part.
(Think photons) What is measured is "spin". This is not something
politicians use, or even something a top does. In fact we could
just as easily assign names like "up" and "down" to what our spinning
does, and so we do because we are clever.

How do we as scientists and engineers reconcile such strange stuff?

a) Accept that quantum things happen, and avoid reading or discussing
special relativity.

b) Decide that quantum mechanics is incomplete and there something
we are missing.

If you are Einstein and his pals you pick b) mostly because you authored
special relativity. It's considered the greatest accomplishment of the
20th century and it would be really embarrassing if it were wrong.

Weasel Part, You make up something called "hidden variables". The
hidden variables do something very simple, they commute the characteristics
of the first photon to the second in some as yet unknown way so that
each part interacts. Action from a distance is a parlor trick.

Note:

This is why I drew the analogy yesterday to the flatlander and the pencil
If the poor guy could just realize that his space had been folded
and the pencil was really the same pencil poked through in two places
everything would be fine. But I digress...

John Bell came up with a method to test for those hidden variables.
He showed that if his inequality was satisfied there could be
hidden variables.

It's pretty simple: you get six states. It is easier to comprehend
if you give some simple assignments to them A+ A- B+ B- C+ C-

These are things we can measure about photons and they obey these rules.
Because it wouldn't be a fun game if there weren't rules

The Rules. Where N is "The number of" function

1) N(A+ B+) = N(A+ B+ C+) + N(A+ B+ C-)

2) Every photon has a unique state when measured (You cant
measure both the A and the B of a photon)

There are corollaries and stuff if your interested, but I think you get
the idea.

Inequality Part,

So every (Ai Bj C+) (Ai Bj C-) is just (Ai Bj) should be clear...

Let n[A+ B+] designate every photon pairs where the first photon
measured A+ and the second measured B+. Follow the same schematic
for the other pairs.

Big fat truth:
N[A+ B+] <= N[A+ ? C+] + N[? B+ C-] or...

If there is some other state out there 'X' then the inequality will hold

Tomorrow can I tell my story about FTL communications, and
teleportation? Please? Please?

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 09, 2005).]

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 09, 2005).]
 


Posted by Spaceman (Member # 9240) on :
 
Aperion

(Without reading the posts between his and this one)

That is an interesting analysis. It brings to mind dark energy, which you probably know, has now brought the expanding universe and negative gravity into vogue. The negative energy of the Aperion Tachyon seems to fit quite well into that science at first glance.

j.d. clark: Isn't that all just a wordy version of the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

[This message has been edited by Spaceman (edited November 09, 2005).]
 


Posted by EricJamesStone (Member # 1681) on :
 
The clearest explanation I've seen of Bell's Inequality and its implications is found here: http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/kenny/papers/bell.html
 
Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
apeiron, dont at least you want to take a crack at shooting down Bell's inequality. Doesn't the proof look kind of flimsy? Think timing between measurements. How do we really know the photons are measured at the same time.

So, uhm spaceman "dark energy" is simply a way to fill in the rate of expansion of the universe with some unknown value so the equations will fit. Think I am pumping up
a tire at x psi but its expanding at x+y. It's another way to sound cool when you dont know whats really happening.

One more dirty little secret a black hole cant form. Not under general relativity. It's time line should go asymptotic before it can collapse


[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 10, 2005).]

Ok, I went back to general relativity.

Try http://www.phy.mtu.edu/bht/bh_pub_faq.html

3. Won't it take forever for you to fall in? Won't it take forever for the black hole to even form?

It's pretty clear if you are the "observer" it wont. I really like the phrase " Not in any useful sense." and "if I somehow stood on the surface of the star as it became a black hole, I would experience the star's demise in a finite time." Yeah, that's useful, and it could happen.

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 10, 2005).]
 


Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
quote:

j.d. clark: Isn't that all just a wordy version of the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

Spaceman, no it isnt the same.


Try http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html

This does a better job then I ever could here. FYI the spin discussed here inst electron spin, and it's not angular momentum. Heck, photons are massless.

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 09, 2005).]

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 11, 2005).]

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 11, 2005).]
 


Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
Eric, yes it's a great paper. What it kind of forgets to mention is that nobody has done a real good job of demonstrating the inequality. The thing about the detectors and their import is lost on me. (Appendix I) would you like to elaborate on it's significance?

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 09, 2005).]
 


Posted by apeiron (Member # 2565) on :
 
quote:
Aperion
(Without reading the posts between his and this one)

That is an interesting analysis. It brings to mind dark energy, which you probably know, has now brought the expanding universe and negative gravity into vogue. The negative energy of the Aperion Tachyon seems to fit quite well into that science at first glance.

j.d. clark: Isn't that all just a wordy version of the Pauli Exclusion Principle?


First things first: it's 'her.'

Yeah, that's the first thing I thought too. I know nobody attributes tachyons to the expanding universe (why would require a more thorough look at tachyons that I don't have the background to give), but anything with negative energy will have those properties. Strange stuff. Though, speaking off the cuff, I don't like dark energy one bit. Sort of what john said:

quote:
So, uhm spaceman "dark energy" is simply a way to fill in the rate of expansion of the universe with some unknown value so the equations will fit.

Let me explain. I know the cosmological constant can fall purely from Einstein's analysis, but its value, purely mathematically speaking, should be dependent on initial conditions of the universe. (If you've had calculus, it's that constant you get when performing and indefinite integral.) But relativity is incomplete and cannot account for the IC's. So it is very true to say that the cosmological constant is NOT accounted for by known theory. Right now it's being used as a fudge factor.

Don't get me wrong, there have been some very famous fudge factors. Planck's constant comes immediately to mind. But so does Vulcan. Few people know about Vulcan, but before Einstein said otherwise, there was a widely supported theory to explain the inability of Newtonian gravity to account for the orbit of Mercury that said there was another planet dubbed Vulcan even closer to the sun. People tried to deduce its mass and orbit even.

It's a tricky thing making predictions. Newton predicted Vulcan and got it wrong. Einstein predicted black holes--and even he didn't believe in them, I don't think--but there you go. (By the way, I've never heard that general relativity doesn't account for black holes. Care to go into more detail?)

As for Pauli's Exclusion Principle, I don't see the connection (photons are bosons after all), could you explain?

quote:
apeiron, dont at least you want to take a crack at shooting down Bell's inequality. Doesn't the proof look kind of flimsy? Think timing between measurements. How do we really know the photons are measured at the same time.

Bell's inequality is a brilliant thought experiment, and I wish I understood it better. As for its testability, like I said, sounds like a monumental engineering challenge.
 


Posted by ChrisOwens (Member # 1955) on :
 
<One more dirty little secret a black hole cant form. Not under special relativity. It's time line should go asymptotic before it can collapse>

Are you refering to how as the star collapses, time slows so that it would take an infinite amount of time (from an outside observer's view) to form?
 


Posted by apeiron (Member # 2565) on :
 
Oh, he said 'special' relativity. Well, considering special relativity just deals in boost symmetries and can't touch acceleration with a ten parsec pole, I'd hardly call it "a dirty little secret" that it can't describe core collapse.
 
Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
Ok, I'll come clean. I started with general relativity then changed it
to special by editing the post because I didn't know which one to use.
It's been so long since I've read the stuff. I sould be able to dig up
the equations for you though.

And another thing I am not evn a person I am just a cocker spaniel
at a computer terminal someplace. My master is out splitting atoms
someplace and I just sort of have the run of the house. You dont believe
me? Just check out http://www.dsldog.com

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 10, 2005).]

I edited the post about Bell's inequality to. I got confused and
thought the inequality implied that QM was valid. Later I looked
at the proof and realized I was wrong. I am so ashamed...

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 10, 2005).]
 


Posted by Spaceman (Member # 9240) on :
 
quote:
First things first: it's 'her.'

Sorry. All you digital folks look the same.
 


Posted by john d. clark (Member # 2977) on :
 
Spaceman, and your mistaking electrons for bosons to. We must get you some help. ;-)

Incidentally I was looking at one of the Pauli equations:

w = w1(a) w2(b) +- w1(b) w2(a)

The wavefunction for the state in which both states "a" and "b"
are occupied by the electrons can be written. I see that +- IS required for
Bosons and fermions. Apeiron, does Spaceman have a point that Pauli
equations apply to photons?

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 11, 2005).]

quote:
Are you refering to how as the star collapses, time slows so that it would take an infinite amount of time (from an outside observer's view) to form?

Chris, yes I am. I have edited the post to point you someplace you can read more about it. This sort of thing should surprise nobody as apeiron said, general relativity is incomplete. Heck, mathematics herself isnt even up to the task of fully describing mathematics :-)

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 11, 2005).]

[This message has been edited by john d. clark (edited November 11, 2005).]
 


Posted by apeiron (Member # 2565) on :
 
Nah, they write it like that to include both fermions and bosons. The plus is for bosons, the minus is for fermions.

And yes, I suppose we digital folk DO look an aweful lot alike. Though I fancy my smilies have a few more eye lashes.

[This message has been edited by apeiron (edited November 11, 2005).]
 


Posted by Spaceman (Member # 9240) on :
 
quote:
and your mistaking electrons for bosons to. We must get you some help.

That's unusual. I usually confuse baryons and bosons. I do need to read some particle physics. Haven't touched the stuff since 1987.
 


Posted by ChrisOwens (Member # 1955) on :
 
Pauli's exclusion is another example of a mystery gone unexplained, or at least it's never been explained to me to satisfaction. It explains the what, the 'solidity' of atoms, but why can't like particles with a spin of .5 occupy the same state, where spin 1 particles can?

I think I remember reading an experiment where they 'tricked' some electrons out and bypassed Pauli's exclusion in a special case. Of course, I didn't understand really how they did it.
 


Posted by ArCHeR (Member # 2067) on :
 
Dude, just use wormholes
 


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