posted
-Compensatory justice: justice concerned with restoring to persons what they lost when harmed by a second party. http://www.wku.edu/~jan.garrett/ethics/justice.htm
-Duty: An act or a course of action that is required of one by position, social custom, law, or religion: Do your duty to your country. Dictionary.com a. Moral obligation: acting out of duty. b. The compulsion felt to meet such obligation. -Excuse: To explain (a fault or an offense) in the hope of being forgiven or understood: He arrived late and excused his tardiness in a flimsy manner. (dictionary.com)
-Egalitarian Justice: Every person should receive equal benefits and burdens http://www.wku.edu/~jan.garrett/ethics/justice.htm
-Ethical emotivism: Is the meta-ethical view that ethical statements (such as 'Killing is wrong') do not assert propositions; that is to say, they do not express factual claims or beliefs and therefore are neither true nor false (they are not truth-apt). This distinguishes it from moral realism, which holds that ethical statements are objectively and consistently true or false; ethical subjectivism, which proposes that ethical statements assert propositions about the speaker's own attitudes; moral skepticism, which proposes that all ethical statements are false; and cognitivist irrealism, which asserts that ethical statements are true or false (this is ethical cognitivism), although there are no worldly facts to make them true or false. There are three major schools of thought among non-cognitivists as to what meaning ethical statements do have. Emotivism, while not necessarily non-cognitive, is generally defended as a non-cognitive theory. Emotivists suggest that they are expressions of emotional response, desire and aversion, approval and disapproval: under this view, the statement "Killing is wrong," for example, can be paraphrased as "I disapprove killing.", "I am against killing" or even "Boo on killing!" Statements such as "helping people is good" can be paraphrased as "yay helping people!" (see also ethical subjectivism). Prescriptivists, as R. M. Hare, suggest that ethical statements are commands or prescriptions: "Killing is wrong," in this model, is equivalent to "Do not kill!" Expressivism, including Simon Blackburn's quasi-realism and Allan Gibbard's norm-expressivism, defends that non cognitive attitudes underlie moral discourse and this discourse therefore consists of non declarative speech acts, although accepting that its surface features may consistently and efficiently work as if moral discourse were cognitive. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotivism)
-Ethical relativism: In philosophy moral relativism is the position that moral or ethical propositions do not reflect absolute and universal moral truths but instead are relative to social, cultural, historical or personal references, and that there is no single standard by which to assess an ethical proposition's truth. Relativistic positions often see moral values as applicable only within certain cultural boundaries or the context of individual preferences. An extreme relativist position might suggest that it is meaningless for the moral or ethical judgments or acts of one person or group to be judged by another, though most relativists propound a more limited version of the theory. Some moral relativistsfor example, the existentialist Jean-Paul Sartrehold that a personal and subjective moral core lies or ought to lie at the foundation of individuals' moral acts. In this view public morality is a reflection of social convention, and only personal, subjective morality is truly authentic. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_relativism) Intrinsic Value: The concept of intrinsic value has been characterized above in terms of the value that something has in itself, or for its own sake, or as such, or in its own right. The custom has been not to distinguish between the meanings of these terms, but we will see that there is reason to think that there may in fact be more than one concept at issue here. For the moment, though, let us ignore this complication and focus on what it means to say that something is valuable for its own sake as opposed to being valuable for the sake of something else to which it is related in some way. Perhaps it is easiest to grasp this distinction by way of illustration. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/#2)
-Justice is a concept involving the fair, moral, and impartial treatment of all persons often seen as the continued effort to do what is right. Justice is a particularly foundational concept within most systems of "law," and draws highly upon established and well-regarded social traditions and values. From the perspective of pragmatism, it is the name for a fair result. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice)
-In the allocation of rewards, several competing theories arise as to what is a just form of allocation. A Meritarian is a proponent of entitlement by merit, or of a Meritocratic system of reward allocation. The term "Meritarian" is of recent coinage from social and political philosophy, where it is used as to describe the host of concerns and arguments against egalitarianism, utilitarianism and contractarianism that deal with just rewards. The term Meritocracy is the "root" word of Meritarian, and comes from Michael Youngs possibly satirical 1958 book Rise of the Meritocracy. The argument for meritarian distribution, resource allocation, and commutative justice is to reward people with success proportionate to their predispositions, talents, and abilities; instead of one in which class or need is the controlling factor. And that any other means is either unfair or unjust. The Olympics provide a good example of proper reward for achievement, since one can have a terrible need for a gold medal (or the endorsements one would gain by winning it) but not receive one because their performance did not merit it (i.e. they lost). Not every scenario is so clean cut however, and Meritarians differ as to what defines a proper merit and the means of finding a just allocation for meritable achievement. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritarian) -Morality, in the strictest sense of the word, deals with that which is innately regarded as right or wrong. The term is often used to refer to a system of principles and judgments shared by cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which humans subjectively determine whether given actions are right or wrong. These concepts and beliefs are often generalized and codified by a culture or group, and thus serve to regulate the behavior of its members. Conformity to such codification may also be called morality, and the group may depend on widespread conformity to such codes for its continued existence. Individuals who choose to conform in this way are popularly held to posess "Moral Fibre", whereas those who lack "Moral Fibre" may be labelled as socially degenerate. A "moral" may refer to a particular principle, usually as an informal and general summary with respect to a moral principle, as it is applied in a given human situation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality) -Principle: A principle is something, usually a rule or norm, that is part of the basis for something else. For example, the ethics of someone may be seen as a set of principles that the individual obeys. These principles form the basis for their ethics. Principles may also be introduced as pedagogy: laying down basics in a topic, in order later to proceed to more detailed developments. Identifying or defining a rule as a principle says that, for the purpose at hand, the principle will not be questioned or further derived. This is a convenient way of reducing the complexity of an argumentation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle) Conventionally, prudence is the exercise of sound judgment in practical affairs. Classically, prudence is considered to be a virtue and is often associated with wisdom. In modern English, however, the word has become increasingly synonymous with cautiousness. In this sense, prudence names a reluctance to take risks, which remains a virtue with respect to unnecessary risks, but when unreasonably extended (i.e. over-cautiousness), can become the vice of cowardice. In the Nichomachaen Ethics, Aristotle gives a lengthy account of the virtue ϕρονησιϛ, which has traditionally been translated as "prudence", although this has become increasingly problematic as the word has fallen out of common usage. More recently ϕρονησιϛ has been translated by such terms as "practical wisdom" or "practical judgment. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudence) -Respect is an attitude of acknowledging the feelings and interests of another party in a relationship, and of treating as consequential for the self the helping or harming of the other. Though most commonly referring to interpersonal relationships, it can be used between animals, groups and institutions including countries. Respect does not necessarily imply deference, but a respectful attitude rules out unconsidered selfish behaviour. The concept of respect predates, and does not rely on, the existence of the concept of rights. Respect is sometimes loosely used as a synonym for politeness or manners, though these are behaviours, whereas respect is an attitude. Intercultural differences in behaviours, self perception and outward appearance may result in the unintentional appearance of disrespect. Many movements have at different times claimed respect as the core element, including raver-culture, Islam and the United States Marine Corps. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect) -Retributive justice is a theory of criminal justice wherein punishments are justified on the grounds that the criminal has created an imbalance in the social order that must be addressed by action against the criminal. The theory is often associated with harsh punishment, and the phrase "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" is a commonly heard justification for this theory. However, proponents of the theory point out that the retribution should be proportional to the crime, and that minor crimes should have mild punishments while major crimes should have harsh punishment. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justice) -Right/Rights: A right is the power or privilege to which one is justly entitled or a thing to which one has a just claim. Rights serve as rules of interaction between people, and, as such, they place constraints upon the actions of individuals or groups (for example, if one is granted a right to life, this means that others do not have the liberty to murder him). Most modern conceptions of rights are universalist and egalitarian; in other words, equal rights are granted to all people. Such rights may be defined in terms of the Golden Rule ("do unto others as you would have them do unto you"). An individual agrees to respect the rights of others in exchange for the assurance that the others will respect the same rights for him in turn. By contrast, most pre-modern conceptions of rights were hierarchical, with different people being granted different rights, and some having more rights than others. For instance, the rights of a father to be respected by his son did not indicate a duty upon the father to return that respect, and the divine right of kings to hold absolute power over their subjects did not leave room for many rights to be granted to the subjects themselves. It is not generally considered necessary that a right should be understood by the holder of that right, thus rights may be agreed on behalf of another, such as children's rights or the rights of people declared mentally incompetant to understand their rights. However, rights must be understood by someone in order to have legal existence, so the understanding of rights is a social prerequisite for the existence of rights. Therefore, educational opportunities within society have a close bearing upon the people's ability to erect adequate rights structures. There are two fundamental controversies surrounding the notion of rights: First, there is the question of the basis for rights (on what basis can rights be said to exist). Second, there is the question of the content of rights (what the rights of a person actually are). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right) -Selfishness is, at base, the concept and/or practise of concern with one's own interests; it is often used to refer to a self-interest that comes in a particular form, or above a certain level. In modern western culture, the term usually connotes self-concern that is excessive or improper (in the sense of harming others) rather than self-interest itself. It is considered by many to be a negative character trait. In particular, it is traditionally proscribed by most religions, and many non-religious philosophies see it as either evil in itself or a source of evil. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfishness) -Self-Respect: In psychology, self-esteem or self-worth includes a person's subjective appraisal of himself or herself as intrinsically positive or negative to some degree (Sedikides & Gregg, 2003). -Self-esteem involves both self-relevant beliefs (e.g., "I am competent/incompetent", "I am liked/disliked") and associated self-relevant emotions (e.g., triumph/despair, pride/shame). It also finds expression in behavior (e.g., assertiveness/timorousness, confidence/caution). In addition, self-esteem can be construed as an enduring personality characteristic (trait self-esteem) or as a temporary psychological condition (state self-esteem). Finally, self-esteem can be specific to a particular dimension (e.g., "I believe I am a good writer, and feel proud of that in particular") or global in extent (e.g., "I believe I am a good person, and feel proud of myself in general"). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-respect) -Values: Each individual has a core of underlying values that contribute to our system of beliefs, ideas and/or opinions (see value in semiotics). Integrity in the application of a "value" ensures its continuity and this continuity separates a value from beliefs, opinion and ideas. In this context a value (e.g. Truth or Equality or Greed) is the core from which we operate or react. Societies have values that are shared among many of the participants in that culture. Individuals' values typically are largely but not entirely in agreement with their culture's values. These values can be grouped into four categories: Ethics (good, bad, moral, immoral, amoral, right, wrong, permissible, impermissible) Aesthetics (beautiful, ugly, unbalanced, pleasing) Doctrinal (political, ideological, religious or social beliefs and values) Innate/Inborn (inborn values such as reproduction and survival, a controversial category) A value system is the ordered and prioritized set of values (usually of the ethical and doctrinal categories described above) that an individual or society holds. Some values recognized in various cultures in the western world include: acceptance accountability adventure altruism appreciation balance care for others chastity compassion confidence cooperation courage courtesy creativity critical thinking curiosity dependability determination discipline education effort empathy endurance enthusiasm equality fairness fantasy fidelity focus foresight friendship generosity gentleness helpfulness honesty hopefulness humility humor imagination independence innocence integrity inventiveness justice kindness love loyalty magnanimity mercy moderation modesty nurture obedience openness optimism patience peace perfection perseverance potential purpose respect responsibility restraint self-awareness self-discipline self-esteem self-reliance self-respect sensitivity sharing sincerity tenacity thoughtfulness tolerance trustfulness truthfulness understanding unpretentiousness unselfishness wisdom
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values) -Virtue: (Greek αρετη; Latin virtus) Virtue is moral excellence of a man or a woman. The word is derived from the Greek arete (αρετη). As applied to humans, a virtue is a good character trait. The Latin word virtus literally means "manliness," from vir, "man" in the masculine sense; and referred originally to masculine, warlike virtues such as courage. In one of the many ironies of etymology, in English the word virtue is often used to refer to a woman's chastity. As the philosopher Leo Strauss expresses it, "The mystery of Western thought is how a term that originally meant the manliness of a man came to mean the chastity of a woman." Virtue can also be meant in another way. Virtue can either have normative or moral value; i.e. the virtue of a knife is to cut, the virtue of an excellent knife is to cut well (this is its normative value) vs. the virtues of reason, prudence, chastity, etc. (which have moral value). In the Greek it is more properly called ηθικη αρετη. It is "habitual excellence". It is something practiced at all times. The virtue of perseverance is needed for all and any virtue since it is a habit of character and must be used continuously in order for any person to maintain oneself in virtue. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtues)
IP: Logged |
quote:ac·cept Audio pronunciation of "accepted" ( P ) Pronunciation Key (k-spt) v. ac·cept·ed, ac·cept·ing, ac·cepts v. tr.
1. To receive (something offered), especially with gladness or approval: accepted a glass of water; accepted their contract. 2. To admit to a group, organization, or place: accepted me as a new member of the club. 3. 1. To regard as proper, usual, or right: Such customs are widely accepted. 2. To regard as true; believe in: Scientists have accepted the new theory. 3. To understand as having a specific meaning. 4. To endure resignedly or patiently: accept one's fate. 5. 1. To answer affirmatively: accept an invitation. 2. To agree to take (a duty or responsibility). 6. To be able to hold (something applied or inserted): This wood will not accept oil paints. 7. To receive officially: accept the committee's report. 8. To consent to pay, as by a signed agreement. 9. Medicine. To receive (a transplanted organ or tissue) without immunological rejection.
posted
I'm so glad everyone else is as confused as I am. I was reading the first post, scratching my head, wondering what I was missing.
Posts: 2054 | Registered: Nov 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
Wait, the result of your homework assignment is a pasted Wikipedia article? Can't you get kicked out of the NHS for that? Posts: 1907 | Registered: Feb 2000
| IP: Logged |
posted
So...is what you posted what you turned in to your teacher, or does it just constitute the notes you used to write your response?
Posts: 16059 | Registered: Aug 2000
| IP: Logged |
I don't even want to THINK about what the ethics teacher at my school would say if someone tried to pass that in. O_o
Posts: 3420 | Registered: Jun 2002
| IP: Logged |
Wouldn't a simple link make more sense?
Posts: 1138 | Registered: Nov 2005
| IP: Logged |
Blayne Bradley
unregistered
posted
No, or else they'ld be a hundred links and I'ld still get the retarded responces from retarded people. Don't call a thread retarded, there've been plent of threads worse then this one Comprende?
No these aren't the notes I'll hand it in as this just fixed up a little. I was asked to define wach and everyone one of those terms and try to use it in an example and if I do a direct quote to cite the information.
IP: Logged |
quote:Yes I was suppoed to define ethical theories and cite where my information came from.
Um....I'm not sure you understood the assignment. Or possibly your teacher didn't.
I'm pretty sure it was supposed to be a negative example sort of thing. That seems to be popular in ethics papers these day, or so I recall from the classes I taught.
Posts: 14017 | Registered: May 2000
| IP: Logged |
posted
By the way, am I the only one who heard cherios do ender's post in a Napoleon Dynamite voice?
Posts: 16059 | Registered: Aug 2000
| IP: Logged |
posted
I handed it in but I missed my class I was sick and had a sore throat. My next assignment was to read chapter 5 on Kantian Ethics and summarize it that I did fairly well. Took me a whole day but then again I was mutlitasking.
IP: Logged |
Printer-friendly view of this topic
![[Smile]](smile.gif)
![[Laugh]](graemlins/laugh.gif)
